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对青少年儿童不同运动负荷组合方式的指导建议

时间:2022-04-09 10:18:53  浏览次数:

摘 要:体力活动研究近年来越来越受关注,体力活动安排对青少年儿童获得健康效益起到重要作用。从体力活动对健康的影响,体力活动强度、时间和频率与健康效益关系,体适能练习对健康效益的发展3个方面对当前体力活动现状进行梳理。结果表明国内外对体力活动的研究涉及内容应用性强,层次深入细致,对实践具有重要价值。进行科学、合理和有效的体力活动可以使学生在这一过程中获得健康效益。建议体育课应促使学生MVPA累积时间达到体育课总时间50%以上,保持每节课体力活动的连续性;单次练习采用持续性10 min以上运动时间,运动强度达到中等强度(HR>130 bmp)以上,单次间歇性运动总时间达到10 min以上,运动强度达到大强度(HR>150 bmp);体力活动应设置专门性体适能练习时间,促进学生健康获得全面发展。

关键词:青少年儿童;运动强度;运动时间;健康效益

中图分类号:G804 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-2076(2018)03-0082-07

Abstract:The researches on physical activity have attracted more and more attention recently, and the arrangements of physical activities play an important role for youngsters and children to obtain health benefits. This research summarizes the current situation of physical activities from the effects of physical activity on health benefits, the relationship between physical activity intensity, time, frequency and health benefits, the development of physical fitness exercise on health benefits. The results show that the researches of physical activity at home and abroad involve strong applied contents and intensive levels, which has important value on practice. Designing the physical activity scientifically and rationally allows students to obtain health benefits during this process. We recommend physical education should encourage students to accumulate the time of MVPA over 50% of the total time of physical education, which can maintain the continuity of each lesson of physical activity; During one exercise adopts exercise time that lasts for 10 min or more with a medium to strong exercise intensity (HR>130 bmp), the total time of large intensity intermittent exercise (HR>150 bmp) lasts more than 10 min; Physical education should set up a special time to do exercises of physical fitness, which can boost students to acquire overall improvement.

Key words:adolescents and children; exercise intensity; exercise time; health benefits

青少年參与体力活动的状况并不乐观。12~21岁在校学生中仅有一半的学生参加大强度的体力活动(Vigorous Physical Activity,VPA),有1/4的学生不参加任何体力活动 [1]。体力活动不足与静态活动较多已成为全球性问题,是21世纪最重要的公共健康问题[2]。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)发表的关于体力活动有益健康的全球建议中指出,青少年儿童体力活动与体适能水平下降会引起非传染性疾病(Non-communicable Diseases,NCD)的增加[3]。体力活动较少比摄食较多更容易引起肥胖[4]。而青少年儿童期肥胖人群中将有30%~80%可能发展为成年期肥胖[5],并且有70%的青春期肥胖儿童成年后仍然肥胖[6],成人肥胖中有80%~86%始发于青少年儿童时期体力活动不足[7]。因此,体力活动已成为促进健康的重要手段。

WHO前总干事布伦特兰博士在世界卫生日大会报告中明确指出,体力活动不足(Physical Inactivity,PI)或久坐生活方式是全世界引起死亡、疾病和残疾的前10项原因之一,全球每年约有190多万人的死亡是PI造成的[8]。青少年儿童超重和肥胖对身体健康引起诸多潜在问题,如会导致柔韧性、爆发力、耐力、肌力低下以及循环系统、代谢能力等下降[9],显著增加心脏病、糖尿病、脂肪肝、胆囊疾病、高血压和其他与肥胖相关的疾病以及心理疾病等[10-12]。

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