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抗风桐(Pisonia,grandis)的生态生物学特征

时间:2022-03-29 10:00:13  浏览次数:

摘要: 抗风桐(Pisonia grandis) 为紫茉莉科常绿乔木,是西沙群岛自然植被中最常见的乔木树种,具有重要的生态、药用和观赏价值;其生长速度快,断枝可再殖,在防风、海岸固沙以及海岛植被恢复方面具有重要作用。该研究以西沙群岛永兴岛的野生抗风桐为研究对象,对其形态解剖特征、生理特征和营养成分进行了研究。结果表明:抗风桐属阳生性树种,具有叶片厚、比叶面积低、栅栏组织发达、海绵组织细胞间隙小等形态解剖特征,利于其对光能和水分的利用;其超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性高、脯氨酸含量较高,丙二醛含量较低,表明其具有较强的抗旱性。抗风桐生长的土壤养分含量低,但其叶片营养元素含量高,表明抗风桐对土壤养分的利用能力高,对土壤养分贫瘠胁迫具有较强的适应性。因此,抗风桐能适应强光、干旱和贫瘠等生长条件,可作为热带珊瑚岛植被恢复的重要树种。由于抗风桐生长速度快、适应环境能力强,因此在栽培过程中应适时浇水及补充生长所需的矿质元素,以维持植株生长所需要的水分和养分平衡。该研究结果为抗风桐的引种、栽培、保护及开发利用提供了科学依据。

关键词: 抗风桐, 生态生物学特性, 抗逆性, 开发利用

中图分类号: Q948

文献标识码: A

文章编号: 10003142(2017)12148909

Abstract: As a predominant and fast growth species in the Xisha Islands, Pisonia grandis (Nyctaginaceae) with important ecological, medicinal and ornamental values plays an important role in wind prevention and sandfixation. In this study, we examined the morphological and physiological characteristics, nutrient composition of P. grandis growing on Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands. The results showed that P. grandis was a heliophyte, which was characterized with large leaf thickness, small specific leaf area, well developed palisade tissue and sparse intercellular spaces in pongy tissue. Because of these characteristics, P. grandis could obtain light energy and water effectively. The high activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, the high content of proline, while the low content of malondialdehyde indicated that P. grandis had drought resistance. In addition, the content of nutrient elements were high for plant leaves but low for rhizosphere soil, suggesting that P. grandis was able to use nutrient elements of rhizosphere soil effectively and had strong tolerance to barren soil. P. grandis was a fast growing plant, and had good adaptability to different environments. Water and mineral nutrition should be added to improve its growth in cultivation. In a word, P. grandis can adapt to the environmental stress, such as strong light, drought and infertility. Therefore, P. grandis can be used as an important tree species of vegetation restoration in tropical coral island.

Key words: Pisonia grandis, ecological and biological characteristics, stress resistance, exploitation

抗風桐(Pisonia grandis)为紫茉莉科(Nyctaginaceae)腺果藤属(Pisonia)常绿乔木,别名白避霜花、麻枫桐或无刺藤;广泛分布在西印度群岛和东太平洋的珊瑚岛,在我国,仅分布在台湾和海南(主要在西沙群岛)(Shaw, 1952)。抗风桐为乔木,高达14 m,树干直径30~50 cm(图1: A);叶片为圆状卵形,被无毛或几无毛,聚伞花序顶生或腋生(图1: A);花较小,浅黄绿色,花被漏斗状,有5列黑色腺体,雄蕊伸出花被约2 mm(图1: B);果实呈棒状,具5稜,沿稜具1列有黏液的皮刺,使得果实可以粘附在鸟类的羽毛或脚上,通过鸟类迁移而传播(图1: C)(中国植物志,1996)。花期夏季,果期夏末秋季。抗风桐是西沙群岛自然森林群落的第一优势种,在很多岛屿上都有分布,其中在东岛和永兴岛生长最为茂盛(陈炳辉等,1993)。抗风桐枝叶繁茂,叶可作为猪、牛、羊的优良饲料。抗风桐的树叶含有酚类化合物和尿囊素,具有抗糖尿病、抗炎和镇痛作用,具有较好的药用价值(Sripathi et al, 2011a, b)。抗风桐生长速度快,断枝可再殖,且耐盐碱和干旱,在海岸固沙、调节海岛气候以及海岛植被恢复中发挥重要作用。

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