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仿生象物与中国古城营建(下)

时间:2022-05-12 17:25:03  浏览次数:

摘 要:研究中国古城营建的仿生象物意匠。影响中国古城规划有如下三种思想体系:一、体现礼制的思想体系;二、《管子》为代表的重环境求实用的思想体系;三、追求天地人和谐合一的哲学思想体系。仿生象物意匠属于追求天地人和谐合一的哲学思想体系,具有中国传统文化特色,其渊源于古代生殖崇拜,图腾崇拜和风水观念。仿生象物的营造意匠可以分为:法人、仿生法动物、仿生法植物的意匠以及象物的意匠,即象非生物,如琵琶形、船形、盘形、八卦形等。我国128座历史文化名城中,以仿生象物为意匠的竟有40座之多!仿生象物,是中国人的思维方式和行为特点,也是中国古城规划区别于外国城市的重要文化特色之一。

关键词:中国古城;营建;仿生象物意匠;特色

Abstract:This paper studies on bionics and pictographs ideas of urban planning and construction in ancient China. There were three ideological systems which had influenced urban planning in ancient China as follows: ①.The ideological system embodying Ii Zhi; ②.The ideological system of paying attention to geographic situation, practice and function, of which, the representative being Guan Zi; ③.Philosophy system for harmony among The Universe, the Earth and mankind. The bionics and pictographs ideas are of the philosophy system. These ideas are of the distinguishing features of China’s traditional culture. It’s source is of the worship of reproduction, the worship of Totem and Feng Shui. These ideas can be devided into: following the man; following the animals; following plants; following the objects, such as, the shape of pipa, ship, disc, or the Eight Diagrams, and so on. Among 128 national historical cultural cities, there are 40 cities being of these ideas.Bionics and pictographs ideas are of mode of Chinese thinking and features of Chinese behaviour, and also being ancient China’s cultural characteristcs on urbam planning different from other countries.

Key words:cities in ancient China ; planning and construction ; bionics and pictographs ideas, ; features

中图分类号:TU2 文献标识码:A

文章编号:1674-4144(2016)-11-39(12)

10 梅花文化与梅花城

10.1 梅花文化

梅花是中国人民喜爱的花。梅花迎霜雪,抗严寒,傲然挺立,成为高尚品格的象征,与兰、竹、菊合称“四君子”,象征人的高洁品德。梅五瓣,象征五福,即快乐、吉祥、长寿、顺利与和平。因此,梅花是吉祥高洁的象征。崇梅爱梅,是中国文化特征之一。

宋代大文豪黄庭坚称梅花为“梅兄”,后来宋杨万里和元戴良均雅称梅花为梅兄。唐玄宗有梅妃。古曲有梅花三弄,梅花落,曲艺有梅花大鼓。因古人把梅花拟人化,又将迎春花、瑞香花、山茶花称为“梅花婢”。在武术上,有梅花樁。又将布成梅花状的地雷群称为梅花雷、梅花阵。筑城成梅花状的,称为梅花城。

10.2 中国的梅花城——河南清代南阳城

南阳城成为梅花五瓣的梅花城(图37,图38),是人口发展,逐步加筑的结果,是城防的需要,是顺应城市发展而成的形态。

光绪《南阳县志》记载:

南阳城池,即唐南阳县旧址。《元和郡县志》云:邓州南阳县 ,西南至州一百二十里者是也。元始为府城。明初甃以砖石。成化中尝一修之。崇祯初,嗣唐王聿键蠲金重修。明末燬于寇。

国朝顺治、康熙中,知府王燕翼、辛炳翰、张在泽,乾隆二十七年,知县魏涵晖,皆有增葺。道光末,城浸圮。咸丰四年,知府顾嘉蘅,始大修之。城周六里二十七步,高二丈。门四,皆用旧名,东曰延曦,西曰永安,南曰淯阳,北曰博望。其上皆有楼。门之外皆有月城。城隅皆为屋。又起阁东南隅城上,曰:奎章。凡置炮台三十,警铺四十三,堰梅谿为池,水入自永安门外,环城而左。置石壩,时其蓄洩。以城之高,为池之阔(有嘉蘅自为记)。近池起女墙,其高得城三之一。同治二年,始议环城置四圩,状若梅萼,已改为郭,周十有八里。附郭建空心炮台十六。其后,时有修葺。光绪二十三年,梅谿溢圮城,东南隅坏奎章阁。知县潘守廉重修之(有守廉自为记)。二十七年,又增修土郭,断为四圩,从初议也。[63]

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